Ukraine: Russischer Angriffskrieg birgt große Gefahren für Frauen

Eine Frau steht in der ukrainischen Stadt Tschernihiw in den Überresten eines Wohngebäudes, das durch einen russischen Angriff zerstört wurde (Juli 2022), wie Amnesty International mitteilt.

Der völkerrechtswidrige russische Angriffskrieg gegen die Ukraine habe sich erheblich auf die psychische, physische, sexuelle und reproduktive Gesundheit von Frauen ausgewirkt. Während die Invasion in ihr zweites Jahr geht, sehen sich die Frauen im Kriegsgebiet schwerwiegenden Risiken, einer erhöhten Belastung durch Betreuungsaufgaben sowie immensem Stress und Härten ausgesetzt, erklärt Amnesty International anlässlich des Internationalen Frauentags am 8. März.Julia Duchrow, stellvertretende Generalsekretärin von Amnesty International in Deutschland, sagt: "Frauen stehen in diesem brutalen russischen Angriffskrieg immer wieder an vorderster Stelle – sei es als Soldatinnen, Ärztinnen und Krankenschwestern, Freiwillige, Betreuerinnen, Binnenvertriebene, Flüchtlinge und allzu oft als Todesopfer und Überlebende.

Frauen seien mit zunehmender sexualisierter und geschlechtsspezifischer Gewalt und gesundheitlichen Gefahren konfrontiert. Gleichzeitig seien sie gezwungen, für ihre Familien Entscheidungen über Leben und Tod zu treffen.

Dabei seien Frauen oft von Entscheidungsprozessen ausgeschlossen und ihre Rechte und Bedürfnisse bleiben ungeschützt und unerfüllt."Amnesty International fordert die internationale Gemeinschaft daher auf, Frauen zu unterstützen und sich mit ihnen zu solidarisieren, die inmitten des russischen Angriffskrieges in der Ukraine unter Menschenrechtsverletzungen leiden. Die Gewährleistung der Sicherheit der Zivilbevölkerung, insbesondere derjenigen, die in den Kriegsgebieten gefangen sind, sowie der Zugang zu finanzieller Hilfe und Dienstleistungen, einschließlich der Gesundheitsversorgung, sei in Kriegszeiten von entscheidender Bedeutung.

Gleichzeitig müssen die Täter, die Verbrechen nach dem Völkerrecht begehen, zur Rechenschaft gezogen werden.Amnesty International habe Kriegsverbrechen und mutmaßliche Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit dokumentiert, die in der Ukraine begangen wurden, und habe erschütternde Berichte von Frauen in der Ukraine gesammelt, die die Auswirkungen der Invasion auf ihre Sicherheit, ihre Gesundheit und ihr Wohlergehen detailliert beschreiben. Alle bisher zum völkerrechtswidrigen russischen Angriffskrieg veröffentlichten Berichte von Amnesty International seien auf amnesty.org zu finden."Time and time again, women bear the brunt of war’s brutality.

They are consistently on the frontlines of conflict – as soldiers and fighters, doctors and nurses, volunteers, peace activists, carers for their communities and families, internally displaced people, refugees, and too often as victims and survivors," said Agnès Callamard, Amnesty International’s Secretary General."Russia’s full-scale invasion in Ukraine is no different. Women confront increased sexual and gender-based violence and perilous health conditions, while being forced to make life and death survival decisions for their families.

At the same time, women are often excluded from the decision-making processes and their rights and needs remain unprotected and unmet."  Amnesty International urges the international community to support and stand in solidarity with the women suffering human rights violations amid Russia’s war of aggression in Ukraine. Ensuring the safety and security of civilians, in particular those caught up in the war zones, as well as access to financial aid and services including healthcare, is of crucial importance during times of war.

Simultaneously, the perpetrators of crimes under international law must be held to account.Im Luftschutzbunker einer Entbindungsklinik in der ukrainischen Haupstadt Kiew hält eine Mutter ihr Kind in den Armen während eines russischen Angriffs (2. März 2022). While many women in Ukraine have joined the resistance to Russian aggression, very often caregiving responsibilities for children and family members fall disproportionately on women.

Managing these caregiving responsibilities is especially difficult in the perilous conditions of the conflict.Tamara*, a woman living in the conflict zone in Donetsk Oblast, told Amnesty International how the invasion has impacted her as a mother and caregiver for her parents: "All changed for the worse. Men [from the family] are at war, women are left alone, many with small children on their backs without any income.

There is no help — no physical help, no financial aid.""I came back to the danger zone with my kids. Maybe I did wrong.

But I need to take care of my kids and my elderly parents [were] left at home — this is my duty. There is no one to take care of them but me.

I have no choice," she said.For many women, travelling to safety can carry a devastating emotional and physical toll. Maryna*, an internally displaced person who fled Russia’s occupation of Donetsk Oblast with her children, told Amnesty International:"It is very hard.

I am alone, and I have three children. Nobody believed that war would come.

It was a shock, and it was terrifying. There was heavy fighting around, and we heard all of that.

Russian military aircraft were flying so low that we could see the eyes of the pilots — it affected children a lot."Since that day, we lived in a basement for almost a month because the children were really scared. My daughter could no longer sleep in the house.

My kids are in facing severe mental and emotional distress. Generally, there is no place you can feel safe, because of the shelling and air raid alerts," she said.Kateryna*, an internally displaced woman who was nine weeks pregnant and living in Donetsk Oblast when the invasion began, told Amnesty International: "I did not know what would happen to us.

There were rumors about evacuation and doctors leaving. I could not do the ultrasound and all the tests.

There simply was no access. That was adding to the anxiety and emotional tension."After fleeing to Dnipro, Kateryna was faced with ongoing difficulties in trying to cope with a newborn baby while working in a conflict zone: "[The] frontline is moving closer to our city.

Uncertainty is the most terrifying aspect. Where will you be tomorrow? Will you be able to come home? I lack psychological help and because of a small child, I do not have enough time to talk with a psychologist, even by phone.

But I feel that I need it." "There are pads and tampons for sale, but because of the troubles with finances, I need to choose whether I buy food or pads. After the start of the full-scale invasion, I use improvised means," Tamara said.Gender-based violence is aggravated and intensified for those living in the conflict-affected regions for many reasons.

These include the lack of security, the absence or erosion of the rule of law, the pervasiveness of impunity for the perpetrators, and lack of trust in the occupying authorities, as well as the stigma attached to disclosing experiences of sexual and gender-based violence.Maryna*, a humanitarian worker, told Amnesty International: "Sexual abuse is a huge problem for women. I participated in training, and we were told that there were cases when children, [also], after the evacuation showed signs of having experienced sexual abuse."While working at an assembly point for internally displaced people, Maryna witnessed escalations of domestic violence: "There were 60 people living in a gym.

I was working on this issue before but even without my experience, [signs of violence] can be seen with the naked eye. I saw a lot of it there."Kateryna told Amnesty International: "I feel more vulnerable now.

There are more conflicts at home. My husband’s aggression spilled out on me and my elder child.

I cannot leave my children with my husband because of the uncertainty throughout the day. He lost his job and now my husband is overwhelmed with emotion and nerves."For Tamara these reports of sexual and gender-based violence are very concerning as a mother: "I constantly hear about violence, and it scares me.

I have daughters, it is really terrifying. I sent my older children to study in a safe zone but I still worry about them.Amnesty International is calling for a concerted effort by the international community to ensure women’s meaningful participation in decision-making processes, from international deliberations on financial support, reparations, and reconstruction efforts to the provision of humanitarian aid and justice processes for victims and survivors of Russia’s full-scale war of aggression.

Only through inclusion of women at all levels can we ensure women’s needs are met, sustained and prioritized, and women’s rights are respected, protected and fulfilledIn Afghanistan begehen die Taliban systematisch Menschenrechtsverletzungen. Betroffen seien vor allem Frauenrechtler*innen und Aktivist*innen.Die Schwarze Akademie will die Expertise nicht-weißer Menschen sichtbar machen.

Dem Netzwerk haben sich seit 2022 bereits zahlreiche internationale Wissenschaftler*innen und Expert*innen angeschlossen.Sein ganzes Berufsleben habe er dem Film gewidmet. Nun sei Anton Dolin selbst in einem Film – allerdings in einem surrealen.

Der russische Kritiker musste seine Heimatstadt Moskau verlassen und lebt jetzt in einem lettischen Kurort.Amnesty International Deutschland e. V.

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Alle Ukraine: Russischer Angriffskrieg birgt große

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